Pleural Effusions

Accounts of birth, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ (c. 5 BC-AD 33), described in the biblical prophesy (written between 1450-430 BC), the synoptic gospels (Luke, Matthew and Mark, written between AD 50-90 ), John (written c. AD-90), the Pauline epistles of Tarsus (AD 5-67) (written between AD 50-60), and the Dead Sea Scrolls (written c. 335-100 BC), the name a few, were the subject of historical and scientific intrigue for centuries. Since the so-called "Enlightenment" (18th century), when skeptics began to question if Jesus actually existed at all, the historicity (based on archeology and history) and science (based on biology, chemistry and physics) have become more important than ever to support the textual sources (eg, holy script, the Gnostic writings). Thus, the four key areas to be explored: "Historical" Jesus, virgin birth, crucifixion and resurrection

"historical" Jesus:

, which proves that Jesus actually existed is probably the easiest part, because of the existence of the accounts from various historical sources (eg Roman, Greek and Jewish). According to Discovery Channel David Balsiger (Senior Producer "Fabric of time" documentary) "more than 20 non-Christian sources" from "Jesus of Nazareth as a historical figure" between AD 30-130, "twelve to mention (ed) his death to provide (ing) information (i) ten Relations (red) to his resurrection ."

a sample of the historical, non-Christian sources, is listed below:

1 Talmud (c. 7-20 ): Sanhedrin 43a: "On the eve of Passover they hanged [crucified] Yeshu [Jesus]." - Jewish sources

2 Mara Bar-Serapion: refers to "the execution of Jesus, [who was named 'King']," when discussing the destruction of the Temple in AD 70. - Syrian source

3 Cornelius Tacitus (c. 56-117), historian: Annals, XV. 44: . "Christus ... was executed in the hands of the procurator Pontius Pilate '- Roman sources

4 Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (c. 69-140), chief secretary to Emperor Hadrian: Lives of Caesars (Claudius 5.25.4 ): ".. . the Jews are constantly encouraged unrest Chrestus, he (Claudius) expelled them from Rome [AD 49] -. Roman sources

5 Leona The third book history: mentioned the death of Jesus in about 52 AD, when discussing the "darkness over the land [the earthquake] after his death "calls that Sextus Julius Africanus in the c. 221st AD - source Samaritan

6 Flavius ​​Josephus (c. 37-97), court historian for Emperor Vespasian: Antiquities of the Jews: described Jesus' crucifixion under Pontius Pilate, about AD 93 / 94 - Jewish sources

7 Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia in Asia Minor (c. 61-112 ): wrote a letter to the Emperor Trajan in AD 112 for instructions on how to deal with the Christians, who .. . Gifts Christus. - From Roman

8 Lucian of Samosata (c. 120-180), a writer and rhetorician: Death of Peregrine, 1113: "Christians ... The worship of man to today respectable parsonage who introduced their novel rites, and was crucified on that account ... "- From the Greek

Accordingly, E.P. Sanders, in historical figure of Jesus (Penguin, 1996) when used with Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) as a paradigm concluded, "The sources for Jesus are better than those ... that deal with Alexander "and" the superiority of evidence for Jesus is seen when we ask what he thinks, "as if" the quest for the historical Jesus "could be better achieved than the" search for historical details on Alexander. "

Virgin Birth:

: "Behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel" [Isaiah 7:14]

Although it seems very likely that human virgins can give birth, it is scientifically impossible. By Rich find is the Virgin Birth scientifically impossible? (15 December 2005), "it might be possible in humans for the [virgin] women give birth to male ... if women had the X and Y chromosomes, which occurs in 1 in 5 million of women. "Such a man is likely to be male XX DNA from the child will come only from their mothers. Currently 1 in 20 000 men considered to be XX, but they were conceived through the male-female sexual relationships.

When the math used to determine the odds virgins women with Y chromosomes, XX male establishment divided by (1 less the percentage of stillbirths), the probability of such a virgin birth is minuscule, but not impossible - at 100.6711747 1 trillion. Therefore, if the virgin birth took place, which is scientifically impossible and, in fact plausible when considering the laws of physics, discussed later in this article, will probably remain unique in human history is based on probabilities.

On the basis of DNA analysis performed on the only known historical artifacts, especially those related to Jesus - Shroud of Turin (the cloth in which Jesus 'body was wrapped when he was buried in the tomb) and the Oviedo cloth (napkin that covered Jesus' face when was in the grave) -. Its genetic composition is consistent with that of XX males lending greater credibility to its possible origin virgin

In addition, when the virgin birth, or parthenogenesis (which by 'Virgin Birth' By Shark Confirmed: Second case ever (Science Daily, October 11, 2008) appears when the "mother of chromosomes Split during egg development [and] a couple with another copy of themselves [instead of the chromosomes from the sperm]") is seen in the context of nature, it is more likely. Until now, scientists have proven that parthenogenesis has occurred in some bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and a hammer and blacktip (female) species of shark.

"Where is he that is born King of the Jews, as we have seen his star in the east and have come to worship him ?" [Matthew 2?: 2]

The FJ Tipler, Star of Bethlehem: a Type Ia / IC Supernova in the Andromeda galaxy (20 March 2005) the star the Magi saw the historically and scientifically true. It could be a supernova (SN) in 1885, Andromeda galaxy, whose center, based on calculations from an observatory of Babylon, was close to Bethlehem, as if his "Galactic Halo" would be visible in the center, or a comet, "which was recorded more than seventy days without a movement made ​​"by Chinese and Korean astronomers by Colin Humphreys, the star of Bethlehem (Science and Christian Faith, October 1995), both of which can be seen in and around Bethlehem in 5 BC.

Based on contemporary descriptions, history and science that suggests Jesus was born on a cold night when "pastors [were] living in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night" [Luke 02:08] "sheep [the area] are generally shut down on the grass between March and November, "Climate data indicate that Bethlehem is usually" cold and very wet [of] December [although] February, "and" the earliest date [comet appeared on the basis of] the Chinese records, "by Colin Humphreys , date of birth of Jesus can be calculated as the ninth March, five years before Christ, to further substantiate his historical existence.

Crucifixion

Archaeological evidence in conjunction with astronomical calculations (that included a lunar eclipse) from non-Biblical sources based on the text accounts, in which the area was "plunged into a darkness, followed by prolonged shaking during the Crucifixion," by Colin J. Humphreys and WG Waddington, Dating the Crucifixion (Nature, December 22, 1983) place the crucifixion date 1 April, AD 33 (based on the Gregorian calendar ).

"It is about the sixth hour, and there was darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour. And the sun was darkened and the curtain of the temple was torn in two" Luke wrote about events [23:44-45] that fulfilled the prophecy of Amos in the c. 750 BC:

"can not shake the earth mourn, and all accounts, who lives in it, and all that rise like the Nile, and tossed about and sink again, like the Nile in Egypt? On that day, says Lord God, i will make the sun go down at noon and darken the earth in broad daylight ." [Amos 8:8-9]

is based on "2000 years paleoseismic record recovered from lake sediment of the Dead Sea" magnitude> 5.5 earthquake "occurred (probably beyond the Jericho fault) in the Jerusalem / Dead Sea in AD 33 that the limited reports from Judea region, damaging the temple in Jerusalem, as reported by Revital Ken-Tor, Amotz Agnon, Yehouda Enzel, Mordechai Stein, Shmuel Marco, and Jorg FW Negendank, high-resolution geological record of historic earthquakes in the Dead Sea pool (American Geophysical Union, 2001 ).

At the same time, several historians, thallium and Phlegon of Search, on behalf of two, reported the occurrence of an eclipse "during the 18th year of the reign of Tiberius (42 BC-AD 37)" and "fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad," both of which fit the period from the summer of AD 32 to spring AD 33, where "a day (included) so the night that the stars can be seen in the heavens and the earth moved in Bithynia, the destruction of many buildings in the city of Nice" by Crucifixion of darkness and eclipse (May 14, 2010 Wikipedia. ).

Based on the reconstruction of the Hebrew calendar, a lunar eclipse (in accordance with Peter's account: "The sun shall be turned into darkness and the moon into blood, I ..." [Acts 2 : 20]) occurred first April, AD 33 to the Colin J. Humphreys et al "is visible from Jerusalem at moonrise [around 18:20] about 20% of the disk in the Umbra in the country and the rest in the shadow penumbra. ... eclipse ended at 18:50."

However, since the occurrence of such eclipses month May not be able to fully explain the complete darkness, storms approach (based on the darkness approaching storm fell over Beijing, China at 11:30 June 16, 2009) provides another the probable cause of the particular verse 17, the 82nd lesson The Gospel of the Holy Twelve (believed to be written in John 70) said: "And behold there was a big thunder and lightning, and the partition wall in the holy place, from which hung the veil has fallen. .. and the earth is not shaking ..."

From a medical standpoint, it is statistically improbable and historically impossible that Jesus survived the crucifixion and scourging on the basis of acknowledging the sources of Roman execution methodology, which is not less than four executioners participate under threat of death if it failed, atijelo just released for burial after death certificates through the side with a spear piercing (especially if your legs are not broken as was the case with regard to Jesus ).

"and that they are in anguish, he prayed more sincerely, and his sweat was like drops of blood ..." [Luke 22:44]. Medicine, hemohidrosis or hematidrosis, sweating blood, rarely happens and when it happens, it is the result of people experiencing severe stress or shock.

By Nymph Kellerman, health aspects of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (April 16, 2006), "flogging the Romans were so severe the victim often died from beatings. Used the whip .. . called a flagellum which consisted of small pieces of bone and metal attached to the number of leather strands. skin was stripped from behind during the flogging, which exposed a bloody mass of muscle and bone [at the time because of arterial bleeding], "which, according to William D. Edwards , MD, Wesley J. Gabel, and Floyd E. Hosmer, on the physical death of Jesus Christ (JAMA Vol. 255, No. 11, March 21, 1986) has resulted in "pain, blood loss (dehydration and how) to set the stage for circulatory shock ."

By Nymph Kellerman, health aspects of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (April 16, 2006), "flogging the Romans were so severe the victim often died from beatings. Used the whip .. . called a flagellum which consisted of small pieces of bone and metal attached to the number of leather strands. skin was stripped from behind during the flogging, which exposed a bloody mass of muscle and bone [at the time because of arterial bleeding], "which, according to William D. Edwards , MD, Wesley J. Gabel, and Floyd E. Hosmer, on the physical death of Jesus Christ (JAMA Vol. 255, No. 11, March 21, 1986) has resulted in "pain, blood loss (dehydration and how) to set the stage for circulatory shock ."

"... one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and immediately blood and water coming ." [John 19:34]

cause of death, Jesus was probably a combination of acute heart failure and hypovolemia, with attenuation play a secondary role, based on the outflow of blood and water which ensued when his side was pierced. By William D. Edwards, MD, "water probably represented serous pleural (lung cavity) and pericardial (heart-sac) fluid [from] maybe the ambiance of hypovolemia and impending acute heart failure, pleural and pericardial effusion (accumulation of excess fluid), can be developed and added to the volume of apparent water. "Therefore," the weight of historical and medical evidence that shows Jesus was dead before the wound on his side was inflicted. [but] Jesus was not dead, "said lance thrust between his right ribs, [that] probably perforated not only the right lung and pericardium and the heart [to] ensure his death. "Accordingly, [the assumption to the contrary] seems in contradiction with modern medical knowledge ."

Proving the resurrection happened or is even scientifically possible is a constant challenge. However, when visual textual evidence (eg Jesus saw more than 500 people after his death (which, by Jeff Lasko, There is evidence to support the resurrection of Christ (Pittsburgh Standard, March 2002 ) led the "entire community of at least 10,000 Jews [to volunteer] to give a sociological and theological traditions that have their own national identity within a few weeks of the Resurrection) based on 1 Corinthians 15:06, which is a mass hallucination is incredibly psychologically by William Craig, of modern science and historical evidence for the resurrection of Jesus Christ (14 July 2002), since "no one expected to see Jesus alive again") is combined with historical evidence (eg Shroud of Turin), and theory and the laws of physics, conclusive evidence in favor of Jesus' bodily resurrection and ascension there.

Create a 3D negative image is also consistent with Albert Einstein's theory of relativity (E = MC2), in which "matter and energy are interchangeable under [certain] circumstances," such that, if Jesus had a "huge level of energy . .. question [his] dead body can turn into a life of the body "by Henry Pang, How did that happen resurrection (May 17, 2010.) Therefore," if they are applied the E [] a dead body ... it could result in a living body. " For further development, spontaneous emission (the process by which atoms or molecules in the excited state (E2) may spontaneously decay to the ground state, with the remaining energy (E1) between the excited and ground state will be released as photons) convincingly rematerialization occurred during the process.

1 "Omninatural" concept in which the R.C. Metcalf, a collision with Christ (Xulon Press, 2008), "nature is not only limited to what we observe empirically, but May include existence beyond the limits of Minkowski spacetime (one temporal and spatial dimensions of four) ;. [it] does not exist outside the material universe we live [consisting of] space, time, matter and energy "- in accordance with Einstein's statement," Nature shows us only the tail of a lion, but I have no doubt that the lion belongs to it, Although he can not at once reveal himself because of his enormous size ."